KING TUT :: essays research papers

TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most famous Egyptian pharaoh today is, King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun is also known as King Tut. The name â€Å"Tutankhamun† is derived from hieroglyphics which means â€Å"Living Image of Amun.† He was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, he also was the son in law of Akhenaton. Tutankhamun was not a important King, he is well known because of his tomb, containing beautiful treasures. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun’s tomb was discovered by an British archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in 1922.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun lived over 3,300 years ago. The period he lived in was called the New Kingdom. During this period the Egyptians were worshipping multiple gods. Amenhotep had abolished this belief and had established a new order to worship the sun god Aten, which then he changed his name to Akhenaten, meaning â€Å"servant of the Aten.† A new religion and capital was established in Thebes. His new city was called Akhetaten, meaning â€Å"Horizon of the Aten.† Akhenaten and his wife, Nefertiti had six daughters, and no one to be the next pharaoh. Ankhesenpaaten was one of the daughters of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Ankhesenpaaten married Tutankhamun. After the death of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun became the next pharaoh at age 9. Since he became a pharaoh at such a young age, he was not able to make decisions. Ay who was the father of Nefertiti and Horemheb who was the commander in chief of the army was in charge. Tutankhamun was taught many skills when he was young. He spent most of his years in the palaces of Akhenaten, he was tutored in reading and writing. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun unfortunately died at the age of 18. There is partial evidence that King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun might have died of an accident falling off his horse or perhaps he was murdered. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun burial arrangements lasted 70 days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun Tomb was located in the Valley of the Kings in Luxar Egypt. Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon discovered King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun’s Tomb, his tomb contained the most beautiful treasures. It is said that it was a magnificent collection of Egyptian art. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun treasures are displayed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun Tomb contained more than 5000 items. Although it was robbed at least twice right after King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun was buried, but most of the kings treasure was still there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most beautiful piece found in King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun’s Tomb is his coffin made of solid gold. It is 74† long, 20†wide and 20† high. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun was shown as Osiris holding the crook and flail.

Osmosis Lab

Osmosis Lab March 22, 2013 Amanda L***** Introduction Transport into and out of your cells is important because without cellular transport, the cell could not move material into or out of the cell. This would lead to its inability to survive because cells must take in oxygen and food, and expel waste material that could inhibit the cell from performing in the body. A type of cell transport in particular is passive transport.Passive transport is a kind of  transport  by which  ions  or  molecules  move along a  concentration gradient, which means movement  from an area of  higher  concentration  to an area of  lower  concentration. Passive transport does not require an output of energy. There are 4 main types of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. In this lab, we are particularly looking at osmosis and how it affects plant and animal cells.Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeab le membrane. In part A of this lab, we submerged the eggs in vinegar overnight, followed by peeling the softened shells from the eggs carefully while trying not to break the membrane the next day. We then recorded any observations we made on the eggs including weight and appearance. Next, we recorded any observations we could make on the carrots and potatoes before we put them into their solution.We then placed the eggs(animal cells), carrots, and potatoes(plant cells) into their solutions and let them stand in their hypotonic and hypertonic solutions overnight followed by observing any changes in weight and appearance the next day. In Part B, we observed an onion cell exposed to distilled water under a microscope, and another onion cell exposed to a saturated salt solution, and drew the two different cells comparing the differences between their exposure to the hypotonic(water) and hypertonic(salt water, corn syrup) solutions. Part APurpose To observe the effects of hypotonic and h ypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Hypothesis I predict that the hypotonic solution will cause the plant and animal cells to enlarge due to the difference in concentration on the inside of the cells, and the hypertonic solutions will cause the cells to shrink due to absorption of water molecules in the cells. Materials * 400mL beakers (2) * Tap Water * Eggs (2) * Vinegar * Salt water * Carrots (2) * Corn syrup * Potato strips (2) Procedure Day 1 1. Submerge the eggs in vinegar in a beaker. May have to weigh them down) 2. Leave them undisturbed overnight. Day 2 3. Peel the softened shells from the egg carefully so as not to break the 3membrane. 4. Record any pertinent observations on the egg, carrot and potato strip. 5. Place one egg and carrot in a beaker of water. 6. Place potato strip in a test tube. 7. Place the carrot in a beaker of saturated salt water and use corn syrup for the other egg. 8. Place the second potato strip in a test tube of saturated salt water. 9. L abel the beakers and test tube and place in the cupboard overnight.Day 3 10. Record any pertinent observations. Observations Plant and Animal Cells in Hypertonic Solution: | Solution| Appearance/texture Before| Weight before(g)| Appearance/texture After| Weight After(g)| Egg 1 | Corn Syrup| -translucent-yellowish colour-soft | 77. 53| -opaque-white/yellow colour-feels firm| 51. 17| | | | | | | Carrot 1| Salt solution| -orange-sturdy| 2. 59| -orange-sturdier -appears slightly smaller| 2. 36| | | | | | | Potato 1| Salt solution| -yellowish colour-sturdy| 2. 92| -same colour-sturdier | 2. 85| | | | | | |Plant and Animal Cells in Hypotonic Solution(Distilled Water): | Weight Before(g)| Appearance/Texture After | Weight After (g)| Egg 2| 71. 82| -opaque-orange colour| 84. 10| Carrot 2| 2. 29| -orange colour-not as sturdy| 2. 52| Potato 2 | 2. 49| -yellowish colour-not as sturdy| 2. 98| Part B Purpose To observe changes in plant cells when they are placed in a hypotonic(distilled water) s olution and a hypertonic(saturated salt water) solution. Hypothesis I predict that the hypertonic solution will cause the water to leave the cell, shrinking it due to dehydration from the salt.Materials * Microscope * Microscope slide * Coverslip * Tap water * Saturated salt water * Onion Procedure 1. Prepare a wet mount using distilled water of a thin section of onion skin on a microscope slide. 2. View to draw one to two cells. Use magnification which shows the best detail. 3. Prepare another wet mount using the saturated salt solution instead of distilled water. 4. View and draw one to two cells. Use the same magnification you used for the first drawing. Observations Refer to onion cell drawings. AnalysisMy predictions were both correct in part A and in part B when I stated that the cells would shrink in the hypertonic solution and enlarge in the hypotonic solution. The reason this occurred was because when a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solute. When a cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, it has a tendency to balance concentrations by water flowing into the cell, causing it to enlarge because of the lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings.None of the cells observed had the same weight when removed from their solution meaning they were not isotonic. Had they been isotonic, the solution would have no effect on the cells, therefore when placed in an isotonic solution the cells would tend to neither gain nor lose water. When observing the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells, I came to the conclusion that the plant cells did not change much in weight. This is due to their cell walls which make it tougher for the cell to expand.The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall is known as turgor pressure. In the drawing of the onion cell exposed to a hypertonic solution, the cell membr ane appeared to be shriveled up inside the cell wall due to its turgidity. Evaluation In part A, I did not experience any errors with the cells themselves, but potential sources of error could have been inaccurate measurements before and after placing the cells in their solution. Other potential sources of error could have occurred while peeling the shell off the egg, causing the membrane to break.In part B, I added too much distilled water to the slide making it difficult to get a good view of the onion cell exposed to the hypotonic solution. When performing a similar experiment in the future, I will be sure to add less drops with the eyedropper to the slide, enabling a clearer view of the cells I am observing. Application Questions 1. If the cells of a fresh water plant are placed in salt water, they will shrivel up due to the concentration difference between the salt water and the contents of the cell (cytoplasm). The water would escape the cell through osmosis causing it to dehy drate resulting in the shrinkage of the plant cell. . The fish that is used to salt water has high solutes and the freshwater is deficient of solutes, so when you place a  saltwater fish  in freshwater, the freshwater will move into the cells, causing them to swell and burst. 3. Grocery stores frequently spray the vegetables because the fresh water enters the plant cells through osmosis and makes them more turgid resulting in longer lasting freshness. 4. The use of road salt in the winter kills the plants alongside the road because the salt causes the cell to enter a hypertonic state. This causes the cytoplasm to move away from cell wall eventually making the plant shrivel up and die. Osmosis Lab Osmosis Lab March 22, 2013 Amanda L***** Introduction Transport into and out of your cells is important because without cellular transport, the cell could not move material into or out of the cell. This would lead to its inability to survive because cells must take in oxygen and food, and expel waste material that could inhibit the cell from performing in the body. A type of cell transport in particular is passive transport.Passive transport is a kind of  transport  by which  ions  or  molecules  move along a  concentration gradient, which means movement  from an area of  higher  concentration  to an area of  lower  concentration. Passive transport does not require an output of energy. There are 4 main types of passive transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. In this lab, we are particularly looking at osmosis and how it affects plant and animal cells.Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeab le membrane. In part A of this lab, we submerged the eggs in vinegar overnight, followed by peeling the softened shells from the eggs carefully while trying not to break the membrane the next day. We then recorded any observations we made on the eggs including weight and appearance. Next, we recorded any observations we could make on the carrots and potatoes before we put them into their solution.We then placed the eggs(animal cells), carrots, and potatoes(plant cells) into their solutions and let them stand in their hypotonic and hypertonic solutions overnight followed by observing any changes in weight and appearance the next day. In Part B, we observed an onion cell exposed to distilled water under a microscope, and another onion cell exposed to a saturated salt solution, and drew the two different cells comparing the differences between their exposure to the hypotonic(water) and hypertonic(salt water, corn syrup) solutions. Part APurpose To observe the effects of hypotonic and h ypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells. Hypothesis I predict that the hypotonic solution will cause the plant and animal cells to enlarge due to the difference in concentration on the inside of the cells, and the hypertonic solutions will cause the cells to shrink due to absorption of water molecules in the cells. Materials * 400mL beakers (2) * Tap Water * Eggs (2) * Vinegar * Salt water * Carrots (2) * Corn syrup * Potato strips (2) Procedure Day 1 1. Submerge the eggs in vinegar in a beaker. May have to weigh them down) 2. Leave them undisturbed overnight. Day 2 3. Peel the softened shells from the egg carefully so as not to break the 3membrane. 4. Record any pertinent observations on the egg, carrot and potato strip. 5. Place one egg and carrot in a beaker of water. 6. Place potato strip in a test tube. 7. Place the carrot in a beaker of saturated salt water and use corn syrup for the other egg. 8. Place the second potato strip in a test tube of saturated salt water. 9. L abel the beakers and test tube and place in the cupboard overnight.Day 3 10. Record any pertinent observations. Observations Plant and Animal Cells in Hypertonic Solution: | Solution| Appearance/texture Before| Weight before(g)| Appearance/texture After| Weight After(g)| Egg 1 | Corn Syrup| -translucent-yellowish colour-soft | 77. 53| -opaque-white/yellow colour-feels firm| 51. 17| | | | | | | Carrot 1| Salt solution| -orange-sturdy| 2. 59| -orange-sturdier -appears slightly smaller| 2. 36| | | | | | | Potato 1| Salt solution| -yellowish colour-sturdy| 2. 92| -same colour-sturdier | 2. 85| | | | | | |Plant and Animal Cells in Hypotonic Solution(Distilled Water): | Weight Before(g)| Appearance/Texture After | Weight After (g)| Egg 2| 71. 82| -opaque-orange colour| 84. 10| Carrot 2| 2. 29| -orange colour-not as sturdy| 2. 52| Potato 2 | 2. 49| -yellowish colour-not as sturdy| 2. 98| Part B Purpose To observe changes in plant cells when they are placed in a hypotonic(distilled water) s olution and a hypertonic(saturated salt water) solution. Hypothesis I predict that the hypertonic solution will cause the water to leave the cell, shrinking it due to dehydration from the salt.Materials * Microscope * Microscope slide * Coverslip * Tap water * Saturated salt water * Onion Procedure 1. Prepare a wet mount using distilled water of a thin section of onion skin on a microscope slide. 2. View to draw one to two cells. Use magnification which shows the best detail. 3. Prepare another wet mount using the saturated salt solution instead of distilled water. 4. View and draw one to two cells. Use the same magnification you used for the first drawing. Observations Refer to onion cell drawings. AnalysisMy predictions were both correct in part A and in part B when I stated that the cells would shrink in the hypertonic solution and enlarge in the hypotonic solution. The reason this occurred was because when a cell is immersed into a hypertonic solution, the tendency is for water to flow out of the cell in order to balance the concentration of the solute. When a cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, it has a tendency to balance concentrations by water flowing into the cell, causing it to enlarge because of the lower concentration of solutes in its surroundings.None of the cells observed had the same weight when removed from their solution meaning they were not isotonic. Had they been isotonic, the solution would have no effect on the cells, therefore when placed in an isotonic solution the cells would tend to neither gain nor lose water. When observing the effects of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant and animal cells, I came to the conclusion that the plant cells did not change much in weight. This is due to their cell walls which make it tougher for the cell to expand.The pressure exerted by water inside the cell against the cell wall is known as turgor pressure. In the drawing of the onion cell exposed to a hypertonic solution, the cell membr ane appeared to be shriveled up inside the cell wall due to its turgidity. Evaluation In part A, I did not experience any errors with the cells themselves, but potential sources of error could have been inaccurate measurements before and after placing the cells in their solution. Other potential sources of error could have occurred while peeling the shell off the egg, causing the membrane to break.In part B, I added too much distilled water to the slide making it difficult to get a good view of the onion cell exposed to the hypotonic solution. When performing a similar experiment in the future, I will be sure to add less drops with the eyedropper to the slide, enabling a clearer view of the cells I am observing. Application Questions 1. If the cells of a fresh water plant are placed in salt water, they will shrivel up due to the concentration difference between the salt water and the contents of the cell (cytoplasm). The water would escape the cell through osmosis causing it to dehy drate resulting in the shrinkage of the plant cell. . The fish that is used to salt water has high solutes and the freshwater is deficient of solutes, so when you place a  saltwater fish  in freshwater, the freshwater will move into the cells, causing them to swell and burst. 3. Grocery stores frequently spray the vegetables because the fresh water enters the plant cells through osmosis and makes them more turgid resulting in longer lasting freshness. 4. The use of road salt in the winter kills the plants alongside the road because the salt causes the cell to enter a hypertonic state. This causes the cytoplasm to move away from cell wall eventually making the plant shrivel up and die. Osmosis Lab Name: ____Justine Basilone___ Osmotic Regulation Virtual Laboratory Biology Go to the following virtual laboratory: http://www. glencoe. com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS03/LS03. html Answer your questions in this word document, save the file and submit through Edmodo. Your answers should be at least 2 complete sentences if not more! Part I: Observations & Data: Read the Introductory information and the Procedure located in the window to the left of the screen and then perform the laboratory. For your convenience, the data table has been inserted below – fill this one in (the website tends to delete data): Molecules Name |Red Blood Cell: |Red Blood Cell: | | |Net Water Movement In / Out |Appearance of Cell | |Hypotonic Solution | |Blown up and fat | | |Moves in to red blood cell | | |Isotonic Solution | |Normal, did not appear different | | |Moves in and out of red blood cell | | |Hypertonic Solution | |Shriveled up | | |Moves out of red blood cell | | | Elodea: |Elodea: | | |Net Water Movement In / Out |Appearance of Cell | |Hypotonic Solution | |Gets bigger | | |Moves in to Elodea | | |Isotonic Solution | |Appears the same. | |Moves in and out of Elodea (stays the same) | | |Hypertonic Solution |Moves out of Elodea |The inside shrinks and gets smaller | | |Paramecium: |Paramecium: | | |Net Water Movement In / Out |Appearance of Cell | |Hypotonic Solution | |Paramecium blows up and gets bigger. | |Moves in to Paramecium | | |Isotonic Solution | |Seems to stay the same. | | |Moves in and out of Paramecium | | |Hypertonic Solution | |Shriveled up and makes the cell appear smaller. | | |Moves out of Paramecium | | Part II: Questions & Conclusions: 1) Did water move into the cells or out of the cells while they were surrounded by hypotonic solution?Water moved into all of the cells while they were surrounded by hypotonic solution. 2) In which direction did the water move through the cell membrane when the cells were surrounded by the hypertoni c solution? The direction that the water appeared to be moving through the cell membrane was both ways, in and out. 3) Compare and contrast what happens to an animal cell, a plant cell, and a Paramecium cell in a hypotonic, and isotonic, and a hypertonic solution. (Does the cell wall make a difference? ) What seemed to surprise me most is that no matter what cell was used each solution had the same effect of the cells, no matter what kind it was. So no, the cell wall does not appear to make a difference. ) Could Elodea or Paramecium from a freshwater lake be expected to survive if transplanted into the ocean? Explain. Since they both react the same to different solutions I do believe that it is possible for both cells to be transplanted in the ocean and survive. 5) If you were to grill a steak, would it be better to put salt on it BEFORE or AFTER you cooked it? Explain why, USING THE TERMS OF OSMOSIS from this activity. While grilling a steak it is better to put salt on it before yo u grill it so while it is grilling osmosis will occur and it will retain the salt. So instead of it just sitting on top of the steak it will be on the inside. Giving it more flavor of the salt while eating it. ) Why does salad become soggy and wilted when the dressing has been on it for a while? Explain why, in terms of osmosis. The reason why salad becomes soggy and wilted when dressing has been on it for a while is because as it is sitting there osmosis takes place and the salad begins to take in the moisture of the salad dressing, leaving it soggy and wilted. 7) An effective way to kill weeds is to pour salt water on the ground around the plants. Explain why the weeds die, using the principles discovered in this virtual lab. I believe that the weeds would die due to the fact that as the weeds take in what they think is just water only to later dry out by taking in the salt along with it using osmosis.

House on Mango Street Questions Essay

1. The apparent randomness shows the diversity of Mango Street. The random topics emulate the random cast of characters that live on the street and the different lives they lead. 2. The fact that Esperanza has problems with eating in public shows that she is very insecure and self-conscious of her body. She doesn’t want others to see her eat. This may be because she believes she is too skinny or too fat. 3. In many ways, it is a feminist text. Since the main character is female and much of the story is seen through her point of view, she addressed many female issues. These include the constant abuse many females faced from the men in charge of their lives. However, many of these issues are universal. Both sons and daughters have been victims to parental abuse and everyone dreams of escaping to paradise. 4. When Esperanza mentions her own war, she is referring to her inner struggle between becoming a grown woman who will patiently wait for a man or becoming a woman who is in ch arge of herself. 5. Boys are held to a higher standard than women are. They are bred to become proud, authoritative figures in society while the females are nurtured into becoming submissive partners. Since boys are considered superior, it is considered a weakness when they befriend and play with girls. These beliefs will cause the boys to grow up as dominative, controlling husbands that rule over their own lives and their wives’ lives. The women will end up being common submissive partners. The future relationship is one similar to one between masters and slaves. 6. Esperanza looks up to many women in the book. She looks up to Marin because she exudes knowledge of the world and shows off the sexuality that Esperanza is just discovering. She also looks up to Alicia because she isn’t only wishing to escape, but is actually working towards it by going to university. Esperanza looks up to Lois because she represents the freedom that Esperanza desperately craves. Esperanza wants to stay out until late and feel the love that she sees Lois experiencing. Finally, Esperanza looks up to Sally because Sally is there to comfort her and because she envies Sally’s beauty. She feels connected to Sally because they both dream of escaping. 7. The House on Mango Street is a book about culture because the problem that Esperanza faced is caused by the clash in culture. She longs for freedom because she is trapped in a slum due to her race. Cathy referred to this racism when she said that she was moving because people like Esperanza were moving in. Cisnero also uses various Spanish words throughout the book. 8. Esperanza has contrasting feelings towards her Hispanic heritage. On one hand, she feels that it confined by it because Spanish culture trains their women to be submissive. On the other hand, she feels that her name can only sound beautiful through a Spanish tongue. Esperanza feels that the Spanish heritage can show off her inner beauty. She also feels disconnected from the English culture that she has been thrust into. She is looked down upon and is tossed aside by the outside society. She longs to change that when she gets older. She wants to get out of Mango street but plans to come back to help those who could n ot get out. 9. Esperanza’s love of speech is shown when she describes her name. She says that her name is like a muddy colored number nine. All the characters live on Mango street and have their own troubles, but many of them share similar issues. Sally is beaten by her dad while Minerva is beaten by her husband. Earl keeps his wife behind locked doors just like Rafaela’s husband keeps her in the house at all times. 10. In â€Å"Beautiful and Cruel,† Esperanza thinks she’s seen as the ugly daughter. However, she sees herself as a strong woman who won’t allow any man to control her. Esperanza believes she has inner power that nobody else can see other than her. 11. Rafaela dreams of escaping the house she is confined to, and is able to escape for a moment on Tuesday when she gets various fruits from the nearby market. Minerva tried to escape her abusive husband by kicking him out, but she always lets him back in. Sally wishes to escape the abusive home she lives in but is unable to do so. Cathy’s family wanted to escape the many Chicanos moving into the neighborhood, and they achieved that to an extent when they moved farther down the street. Esperanza wants to leave too. She will have to work just as hard as everyone else, or even harder, to escape but she will. It’s hard to escape when one is poor. The less money they have the lesser opportunities become available. Poverty lessens the chances of escaping, but increases the drive to want to do so. 12. Esperanza dreams of a white house with trees, a big backyard, real stairs, three bathrooms, and a basement. Her actual house is small and red with a small backyard, tiny windows, a swollen door, one bathroom, and only one bedroom. Esperanza dreams big and craves success. She has a lot of ambition to leave but has just as much ambition to come back. She wants to give back to the community as well as escape it.

Explore how the human body functions as one unit in harmony in order to maintain life The WritePass Journal

Explore how the human body functions as one unit in harmony in order to maintain life Explore how the human body functions as one unit in harmony in order to maintain life IntroductionPatient CasePreliminary Assessment StageFactors affecting Blood PressureCardiac Output.Blood Volume.Peripheral Resistance.Intraoperative Assessment StageEffects of Pharmacologic AgentsFentanyl.Propofol.Vecuronium (Muscle Relaxant).Nitrous Oxide and Isoflurane.Hemodynamic ChangesBlood LossConclusionList of ReferencesRelated Introduction The different parts of the human body function as one unit in harmony to maintain life. In this crucial goal, the body’s mechanisms are all functioning toward achieving homeostasis or simply put, balance. Homeostasis can be best defined by explaining its two root words: homeo, which means sameness; and stasis, which means stability (Clark 2005). Using these keywords, homeostasis is described as a stable state of balance, which the human body maintains to achieve despite influences that threaten to disrupt the balanced state (Clancy, Baird, and McVicar 2002; Clark, 2005). The nervous system and the endocrine system are the two main regulatory mechanisms in the body that maintain homeostatic balance (Clark 2005; Sherwood 2006). In order to maintain homeostasis, the body uses feedback mechanisms to respond to influencing factors that may disrupt homeostasis. These so called feedback mechanisms are categorised into either positive or negative feedback processes (Coad, Dunstall, and McCandlish 2005). This classification does not entail one as being good or bad but rather delineates the direction of change to stabilise or balance reactions. A positive feedback mechanism acts by synergising a change inside the body causing a bigger response than the initial one (Sherwood 2006). On the other hand, a negative feedback mechanism acts in the direction opposite of the change in such a way that the initial response becomes diminished (Sherwood 2006). These feedback mechanisms are in a loop in which these mechanisms that cause the initial changes to become either greater or lesser stop when the body achieves balance. An example of the positive feedback mechanism is when a tissue in the body becomes injured; this stimulus will signal the production of platelets for blood clotting (Coad, Dunstall, and McCandlish 2005). In this case, there is a need to increase platelet production thus the initial response will trigger more platelets to be produced to avoid further blood loss. On the other hand, a negative feedback mechanism is seen when the body experiences extreme cold – a state in which the body loses heat. In this case, the body will act in the opposite direction by producing heat through shivering, which is a state of muscle contraction that produces energy and heat for the body (Coad, Dunstall, and McCandlish 2005). Note that the direction of the feedback mechanism is dependent on the direction at which balance could be attained. In this paper, the concepts on anatomy and physiology will be applied to discuss and explain the body’s responses. A patient will be followed during the perioperative phase. Different body responses to both internal and external influences of the patient will be discussed in terms of physiological changes and body’s attempts to maintain balance. Patient Case The patient at focus in this paper is a 65 year old, healthy male who was scheduled for endarterectomy of common femoral artery under general anaesthesia. Endarterectomy is a surgery that is performed on individuals who manifest signs and symptoms of limb ischemia due to thickened or clogged arteries (Eskandari et al. 2010; Hands 2007). The surgical procedure is done to remove the fatty deposits or plaque in the arterial lining that occludes the normal blood flow in that area (Hands 2007). In the case of the patient, endarterectomy of common femoral artery will be done – indicating that the occluded artery is that of the common femoral artery. The pathology of this disease lies in its occlusive nature that disrupts the normal blood flow and oxygen delivery to other parts of the body (Smeltzer et al. 2009). The pathophysiology of the patient’s condition can be likened to a water pipeline. A normal artery looks like a new pipe that allows water to flow freely through it and deliver its contents sufficiently and timely. On the other hand, when dirt and other materials stick to its walls, a blockage is formed similar to that formed by an atheromatous plaque. This impedes smooth water flow thus delivering less water and in time, it may fully block the pipe. When the blockage is removed, the water may flow normally again. In this case, the patient needs to have the surgical procedure done to remove the cause of the occlusion in the common femoral artery; otherwise, blood flow as well as oxygen delivery will be compromised leading to vascular complications (Smeltzer et al. 2009). A dangerous complication is amputation of the limb because when there is poor blood and oxygen supply to parts especially those below the femoral artery, then the tissues will die in that limb. In the patient’s case, once the atheromatous plaque is removed, the femoral artery will be reopened thus restoring the normal blood flow in that area as well as other parts of the body (Smeltzer et al. 2009). The benefits of common femoral artery endarterectomy for this patient will save the patient from disability and death. There will be reduced risk for stroke and heart attack because these diseases are usually caused by ischemia or lack of oxygen, which usually results from poor blood circulation from any part of the body (World Health Organization 2003: 47). Also, it provides relief of symptoms and increase rates of saving the limbs from amputation (Hoch, Turnipseed, and Acher 1999). Preliminary Assessment Stage The patient is generally healthy. Vital signs as well as routine physical assessment and observations were performed and documented; assessment findings were normal. The client’s blood pressure is a very important measure in this pre-operative stage. Blood pressure is the measurement of the force acted upon on the arteries – which is the blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart – as the heart pumps out the blood into the different parts and systems of the body (Singh 2008). Blood pressure readings are expressed in two numbers in which the numerator is the systolic blood pressure and the denominator is the diastolic blood pressure (Dugdale 2010). The systolic blood pressure is the pressure that the blood in the heart exerts during contraction or when the blood is moved forward (Porth and Matfin 2010). This is the highest pressure exerted when the heart beats. On the other hand, diastolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the heart during its resting or relaxed state (Porth and Matfin 2010). Conversely, this is the lowest or minimum pressure exerted. The measure of the blood pressure is an indicator of the sufficiency of blood pumped out by the heart. If the blood pressure is too high, then the heart may be having hard time pushing out the blood into the system (Carter and Lewsen 2004). On the other hand, a very low blood pressure indicates insufficient output thus resulting to inadequate blood and oxygen circulation to other body parts (Carter and Lewsen 2004). These abnormalities can be attributed to different causes or factors that may affect blood pressure. Factors affecting Blood Pressure The three main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance (Carter and Lewsen 2004; Timby 2008). An important concept in understanding these factors is the Frank-Starling law of the heart. Starling’s law states that the amount of blood that fills and stretches the muscle fibres of the heart determines the force of heart contraction (Timby 2008). This means that a greater stretch in the heart’s muscle fibres will yield a more forceful contraction of the heart and vice versa. Cardiac Output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood that the heart ejects from the left ventricle to the aorta per minute (Timby 2008). The higher the cardiac output, the higher the blood pressure. Conversely, a lower cardiac output leads to lower blood pressure. An important concept in understanding cardiac output is stroke volume. Cardiac output is the product of heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume. Stroke volume is the actual amount of blood ejected by the heart every time it beats (Porth and Matfin 2010). Thus, the stroke volume is the amount of blood that is ejected during the systole or when the heart contracts. To measure the stroke volume, the end diastolic volume or the blood in the ventricle during the resting phase is subtracted with the end systolic volume or the blood that remained in the ventricle after the heart contracted (Timby 2008). If the heart contracts more forcefully, then there is a higher stroke volume because there will be more blood ejected per contraction. It also follows that when the heart is beating so fast, there is lower stroke volume because the heart is not given enough time for blood to fill and stretch its muscle fibres before it contracts again – thus less forceful contraction. Nevertheless, if either stroke volume or heart rate is increased, then the cardiac o utput increases. Blood Volume. The second factor that affects blood pressure is blood volume. This factor’s concept is also based on Starling’s law of the heart which states that the force of heart contraction is determined by the preload (Timby 2008). Preload is the volume of blood that enters the heart’s chamber and stretches its walls during its relaxed state (Timby 2008). The amount of existing blood that enters the heart determines the stretch, which consequently affects the blood pressure. When there is little amount of blood in the vessels to begin with, then there is also little amount of blood that enters the heart thus the heart’s muscle fibres will not be stretched enough – resulting to low blood pressure. This is seen in patients who have recently lost a lot of blood such as in haemorrhage (Carter and Lewsen 2004). On the other hand, when the blood volume is increased, the blood pressure is also increased because there is a greater amount of blood that fills and stretches the heart’s muscle fibres leading to a more forceful ejection of blood into the system (Carter and Lewsen 2004). Peripheral Resistance. Another factor affecting blood pressure is peripheral resistance. Peripheral resistance is the force that the heart needs to overcome in order for it to push blood into the system (Timby 2008). When there is greater peripheral resistance, the heart works harder to push the blood leading to a higher blood pressure. This occurs in conditions when the artery is either too narrow or obstructed (Timby 2008). On the other hand, a diminished peripheral resistance leads to a lower blood pressure because the heart needs to overcome very little resistance to eject blood into the system (Carter and Lewsen 2004; Timby 2008). This occurs when the blood vessel is dilated. Intraoperative Assessment Stage When the patient was transferred to the anaesthetic room, he was very nervous and his blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate increased above normal limits. These manifestations are responses of his body to the perceived stress, which is the upcoming surgery. The stress response is the general adaptation responses produced by the body as it perceives stress (Martini 2005). Stress is any stimulus, both positive and negative, that may disrupt the body’s homeostasis (Martini 2005). It may be psychological such as joy of seeing one’s loved one, or physical such as exhaustion from a strenuous exercise. Stress serves as an information or signal to stimulate the hypothalamus, which in turn responds by activating the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic division. The activation of the sympathetic division causes the adrenal gland to produce adrenaline and noradrenaline – also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine, respectively –as it works with the sympathetic nervous system (Martini 2005). When these hormones are released into the bloodstream, the sympathetic response is increased and prolonged. These hormones cause the blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing to increase (Timby 2008). This reaction is the fight or flight response that occurs every time the body is faced with stress, which counteracts the parasympathetic division’s maintenance of the resting state (Martini 2005). Other effects of these hormones in the body include dilatation of the pupil and inhibition of the salivary glands (Porth and Matfin 2010). Glucose secretion from the liver is also stimulated as well as epinephrine and norepinephrine release from the kidneys – which has been discussed to intensify the sympathetic response (Porth and Matfin 2010). Vasoconstriction occurs in the blood vessels and stimulation of the sweat glands cause perspiration (Porth and Matfin 2010). This peripheral vasoconstriction draws the blood away from the digestive tract thus decreasing or inhibiting digestion (Porth and Matfin 2010). Effects of Pharmacologic Agents In the anaesthetic room, the patient was given different medications. The following are the medications given to the patient and their respective effects on the patient’s body. Fentanyl. The patient was given 50 mg of Fentanyl. This drug belongs to a class of opioid analgesics or opioid anaesthetics (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). It is given to the client to supplement the anaesthetic agent that will be administered to decrease pain (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). As a premedication before inducing anaesthesia, fentanyl is usually given intramuscularly at a dosage of 50 to 100 mcg (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). Its mechanism of action is binding to opiate receptors in the central nervous system wherein they increase the action of eukephalins and endorphins by mimicking the effects of these opioid peptides (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). Endorphins are commonly known as the happy hormone because it produces pain relief and feelings of pleasure. Similarly, fentanyl creates a similar effect that results to alteration of feeling and responding to pain (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). The adverse effects of the drug include bradycardia, depression of the central nervous system, hypotension, and increased intracranial pressure (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). Fatal effects include respiratory depression, laryngospasm, and bronchoconstriction (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). These adverse and fatal effects are related to its main effect on the body, which is depression of the central nervous system. Because of its possible life-threatening effects, special precautions are taken when administering the drug to patients with respiratory diseases and problems with the central nervous system. Propofol. Propofol was administered in the patient to achieve anaesthetic induction. Propofol is a short-acting sedative and hypnotic (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). In combination with the effects of fentanyl, this drug allows induction and maintenance of a balanced anaesthesia thus producing an analgesic effect with amnesia. On its own, propofol does not produce any analgesia and requires the supplementation of a narcotic for pain relief (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). Similar with fentanyl, propofol depresses the central nervous system. It decreases the blood pressure as well as intracranial pressure (Finkel et al. 2008). When the patient is on propofol, one of the most important adverse reactions to watch out for among many others is apnea (Deglin and Vallerand 2008). The occurrence of apnea upon anaesthetic induction by propofol is fatal. This drug can cause significant depression of the respiratory system leading to a period of breathing cessation that can last for several minutes (Finkel et al. 2008). This is life-threatening as it can significantly diminish the oxygen supply of the patient that can lead to hypoxia if no oxygen support is given. Vecuronium (Muscle Relaxant). Vecuronium is a muscle relaxant indicated to facilitate endotracheal intubation and to relax the skeletal muscles during surgical operations (De Jong and Karch 2000). It belongs to the drug class non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (De Jong and Karch 2000). Muscle relaxants are usually given after the general anaesthetic agent has been administered. Aside from aiding in anaesthesia, this drug was administered in the client to facilitate his intubation in preparation for surgery and to control ventilation. This drug acts by blocking the neuromuscular transmission thereby paralysing the body and inhibiting muscle contractions produced by acetylcholine (De Jong and Karch 2000). Once muscle relaxation is achieved, the jaw and the larynx become relaxed that makes it easier to insert the endotracheal tube with the least resistance because the gag reflex has already been suppressed (De Jong and Karch 2000). Aside from this, the total muscle relaxation would allow undisturbed tissue handling during the surgical operation. Nitrous Oxide and Isoflurane. Blood pressure was monitored by means of an arterial line inserted into the patients radial artery. This provides constant and accurate measurements of his systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Anaesthesia was maintained using a combination of oxygen nitrous oxide and isoflurane. Isoflurane is an inhalational anaesthetic agent that is used for maintenance of a balanced anaesthesia (Aschenbrenner and Venable 2008). This drug is commonly administered with nitrous oxide and has a rapid onset of action within 7 to 10 minutes (Aschenbrenner and Venable 2008). Because of its bad odour, administration of the inhalant anaesthetic is slow to prevent coughing and holding of breath. Isoflurane depresses the respiratory system thus respiratory depression is one of its adverse and fatal effects. Increase in dosage administration of this drug causes the tidal volume and respiratory rate to decrease (Finkel et al. 2008). Moreover, isoflurane relaxes the muscles and produces peripheral vasodilation, which causes increased blood flow to the coronary vessels (Finkel et al. 2008). Nitrous oxide is an inhalation anaesthetic as well. However, it differs from isoflurane in such a way that it does not produce muscle relaxation thus providing incomplete anaesthesia (Finkel et al. 2008). Nevertheless, it is a good analgesic and has a similarly rapid onset of action and recovery. Nitrous oxide decreases the required concentration of isoflurane that need to be inhaled to produce a preferred level of anaesthesia (Finkel et al. 2008). The combination of these two gases aids in the maintenance of a balanced anaesthesia in the patient’s surgery. Hemodynamic Changes During the procedure, the observations remained stable with some exceptions; when the femoral artery was clamped, the cardiac output, blood pressure, and heart rate increased. In addition, there were some changes in the tissues below the clamp due to lack of blood supply and oxygen. These changes can be attributed to the altered blood flow and oxygen delivery. First, the hemodynamic status of the client changed because blood flow was impeded at the level of the femoral artery and below. When the artery is blocked, the peripheral resistance increases because there is a greater load systemically. As previously discussed in the earlier sections on factors affecting blood pressure, a stronger peripheral resistance will lead to an increased blood pressure because there is a greater resistance that the heart needs to overcome to pump out the blood systemically (Timby 2008). Also, the presence of a clamped femoral artery will trigger the activation of the sympathetic nervous system as it is under stress. When the sympathetic division is activated, the heart beats faster leading to an increased heart rate (Porth and Matfin 2010), which is seen in the patient. Similarly, cardiac output increases because it is directly related to the measure of heart rate. Since cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume, when either of the two factors increase, cardiac output also increases. Second, tissue changes were noted below the clamp because of the poor oxygen supply to this area. When the femoral artery was clamped, the flow of blood below that area also stops because arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-filled blood away from the heart into other parts of the body (Porth and Matfin 2010). Since there is no blood supply below the clamp, there will also be no oxygen supply because blood transports oxygen. When there is no oxygen, the tissue will die and the earliest signs of compromised oxygenation that could lead to tissue death include discoloration of the area (Porth and Matfin 2010). Blood Loss About 1000 mL of blood was lost by the patient during the surgery that required blood transfusion. Blood transfusions are performed to people who had massive blood loss similar to the case of the patient. Also, blood transfusions are indicated for patients who undergo major operations because they would really lose a lot of blood because their skin and tissues will be injured during the operation (Ashalata 2006). During blood transfusion, lost blood is re-infused to the patient thus providing an active means to support and maintain homeostatic fluid balance in the patient’s body. Normally, the total blood volume of an adult person is 5600 mL (Ashalatha 2006). In the patient’s case, he lost approximately 18% of his blood. To restore the blood volume to the normal level, blood transfusion is done because the body on its own cannot cope with this big loss. Conclusion The concepts of anatomy and physiology are very important in understanding the changes in the body and its attempts to maintain homeostasis. When there is a change in the body that threatens to disrupt the balance, the body responds in a way to bring back the body to its normal state. In the case of the patient, disruption of homeostasis started with an atheromatous plaque in the artery that occludes normal blood flow. Since the body can no longer restore the artery to its normal state, endarterectomy of the common femoral artery was done to resolve this. Before, during, and after the operation, the body experienced many changes both from internal and external influences. In these changes, the body was in an active state of action toward maintaining homeostasis. List of References Aschenbrenner, D. S. and Venable, S. J. (2008) Drug Therapy in Nursing. PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Ashalatha, P. R. (2006) Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Carter, P. J. and Lewsen, S. (2004) Lippincott’s Textbook for Nursing Assistants: A Humanistic Approach to Caregiving. PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Clancy, J., Baird, N., and McVicar, A. (2002) Perioperative Practice: Fundamentals of Homeostasis. London: Routledge Clark, R. K. (2005) Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding the Human Body. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers Coad, J., Dunstall, M., and McCandlish, R. (2005) Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives. PA: Elsevier Health Sciences De Jong, M. J. and Karch, A. M. (2000) Lippincott’s Critical Care Drug Guide. PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Deglin, J. H. and Vallerand, A. H. (2008) Davis’s Drug guide for nurses. 11th ed. PA: F.A. Davis Company Dugdale, D. C. (2010) Blood Pressure [online] available from nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm [05 July 2011] Eskandari, M. K., Morasch, M. D., Pearce, W. H., and Yao, J. S. T. (2010) Vascular Surgery: Therapeutic Surgeries. Shelton, CT: People’s Medical Publishing House-USA Finkel, R., Clark, M. A., Champe, P. C., and Cubeddu, L. X. (2008) Pharmacology: Lippincott’s illustrated reviews (4th ed.). PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Hands, L. (2007) Vascular Surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press Hoch, J. R., Turnipseed, W. D., and Acher, C. W. (1999) ‘Evaluation of Common Femoral Endarterectomy for the Management of Focal Atherosclerotic Disease.’ Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 33, (5) 461-470 Martini, F. H. (2005) Anatomy Physiology. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Porth, C. M. and Matfin, G. (2010) Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Sherwood, L. (2006) Fundamentals of Physiology: A Human Perspective. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education Singh. (2008) Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses. India: Jaypee Brothers Publishers Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., and Cheever, K. H. (2009) Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Timby, B. K. (2008) Fundamental Nursing Skills and Concepts. PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins World Health Organization (2003) Prevention of Recurrent Heart Attacks and Strokes in Low- and Middle-income Populations: Evidence-based Recommendations for Policy Makers and Health Professionals. Switzerland: World Health Organization

Free Essays on What Is The Marketing Concept

II. SWOT Analysis This SWOT analysis provides the strengths and weaknesses in our community, and describes the opportunities and threats that face the move your feet program. Strengths The Thibodaux community has an approach to fitness that can show positive results and maintain the health of the community. A well-planned and structured health wellness program can be established. This wellness program is designed to improve the overall health of the individuals in the community over a long period of time. The move your feet program will have a capable staff which will implement its policies. Weaknesses The cost of providing the community with a wellness program may be expensive and hard to provide continuous support for. The Thibodaux area may not be large enough to support a wellness program like Move Your Feet. The cost of attracting people into a wellness program like this one may be greater than the funds made available. The timing of the fitness carnival may also be a weakness because the summer months may slow the start of the program. Parents may be reluctant to allow their children to walk in the summer heat. Opportunities The Thibodaux market is a growing one which may have more and more people open to a health wellness program like Move Your Feet. The wellness program itself could make the Thibodaux a more attractive place to live which would make the market grow even more. There is an opportunity to prove that a health wellness program could increase the overall health of the area, and could possibly be linked to a more productive economy. A chance to change the attitude of an unhealthy society is possible. Threats The overall laziness of the state of Louisiana and the Thibodaux community will be a threat to the wellness program. The attitude that food and drink are the most important hobbies will hinder the program. The number of fast food restaurants in the Thibodaux are... Free Essays on What Is The Marketing Concept Free Essays on What Is The Marketing Concept II. SWOT Analysis This SWOT analysis provides the strengths and weaknesses in our community, and describes the opportunities and threats that face the move your feet program. Strengths The Thibodaux community has an approach to fitness that can show positive results and maintain the health of the community. A well-planned and structured health wellness program can be established. This wellness program is designed to improve the overall health of the individuals in the community over a long period of time. The move your feet program will have a capable staff which will implement its policies. Weaknesses The cost of providing the community with a wellness program may be expensive and hard to provide continuous support for. The Thibodaux area may not be large enough to support a wellness program like Move Your Feet. The cost of attracting people into a wellness program like this one may be greater than the funds made available. The timing of the fitness carnival may also be a weakness because the summer months may slow the start of the program. Parents may be reluctant to allow their children to walk in the summer heat. Opportunities The Thibodaux market is a growing one which may have more and more people open to a health wellness program like Move Your Feet. The wellness program itself could make the Thibodaux a more attractive place to live which would make the market grow even more. There is an opportunity to prove that a health wellness program could increase the overall health of the area, and could possibly be linked to a more productive economy. A chance to change the attitude of an unhealthy society is possible. Threats The overall laziness of the state of Louisiana and the Thibodaux community will be a threat to the wellness program. The attitude that food and drink are the most important hobbies will hinder the program. The number of fast food restaurants in the Thibodaux are...

A Heartfelt Wedding Speech by the Father of the Groom

The wedding speech from the groom 's father' s heart has a slight humor at the beginning and the end of the speech, but this is the feeling that is special. At the end of the presentation, the bride and groom was touched and received a proposal to drink a toast in the form of poetry. Dear guest, this happy couple is a respected guardian. I first got married to my mother's mother in 1958 when I got a speech at the wedding ceremony. Oh, I am in love. I remember clearly that courtship gave me a wonderful feeling. In the rehearsal dinner, the groom 's father (or the person hosting the dinner) usually talks to other people who want to raise glasses but not happen to the wedding ceremony. Due to the small number of participants, these presentations may be longer and more complicated than the wedding day speech. After introducing ourselves to say hello, we welcome everyone and tell you how exciting about your wedding. Please talk about sweet, cheerful and funny stories about couples and wed ding ceremonies. For example, it gives the impression that the bride and groom will meet for the first time, talks about how the couple encountered or engaged, and shares memories of childhood. End the couple's sentimental and heartfelt emotions and mentions, and I hope the couple is good Last weekend, I attended cousin Ken's wedding. At the rehearsal dinner, the groom 's mother made a wonderful and sincere speech about his son' s sensitivity and sentimentality. Finally, she gave her a well - preserved stuffed animal - his hairpin - as a child. Of course, the reaction of everyone is how beautiful she is in the last few years. And she? Looking at me, laughing and saying, I know, I know, but I am not stuck! Now I know that my cousin is not stuck. I have been to countless times at her house. However, regardless of whether I know them or not, it is for the first time that individuals are eager to become aware of the necessity to protect their affection and are enthusiastic about adherin g to valuable souvenirs. The first conversation with prospective customers starts with these five words. Most people are surprised to learn that my house is full of deceased parents' photos, goods, travel souvenirs and souvenirs.

Password Management Protocol Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Password Management Protocol - Assignment Example Information Technology infrastructure can be protected through diverse authentication techniques such as username and password combination, biometric fingerprint or hand scanning recognition or usage of smartcards for identification. After proper authentication, the next step is to identify the number/level of operations the logged in person can perform (access control/level). This function can be performed by developed Access Control Mechanism (ACM) with help of identified Access Control List (ACL) or Access Control database. It is pertinent to mention here that the human involvement is the weakest factor for secure systems developed with appropriate information security standards. Microsoft Outlook has its own Password Management Protocol that allows users to login the MS Outlook after providing the correct password. It stores usernames and the password associated with it, on the Microsoft Exchange Server as well as client’s personal computer. One of the major weaknesses of password management protocol of MS Outlook is that its password can easily be hacked by a plenty of software available over the internet through password secured Personal Storage Files (*.pst file) used by MS Outlook. All passwords could be recovered easily and instantly, despite of the password’s length. ... Furthermore, the protocol also allows similar and shared passwords to apply on MS Outlook account. This enhances vulnerability of password broken into the MS Outlook account through guess. References Lowe, Gavin. 2004. Analysing protocols subject to guessing attacks. Journal of Computer Security. Bloomberg, L., Paul. 2010. Passwords security protocols. Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/service-oriented/passwords-security-protocols-cost-more-than-they-save-says-microsoft-researcher/4492 [Accessed 14 July 2012] Informer, I., Technologies. 2012. Microsoft Outlook Password Management Protocol Software. Available at: http://microsoft1.software.informer.com/download-microsoft-outlook-password-management-protocol/ [Accessed 14 July 2012] Generally, Byzantine Agreement is fundamental problem in distributed computing that engages a structure of n processes from which t number of processes may possibly be faulty. The faulty processes are a collection of processes that include from simple crashed processes to the processes which also misleads the good processes into disagreement. The proper processes need to concur on a binary value propelled by a spreader that is from the n processes. If the spreader propels the identical value to all processes, subsequently each accurate process has to agree on the spread value and in either case the processes have to agree on some value. More unambiguously, Byzantine Agreement is accomplished only after fulfilling the following conditions: i. All appropriately working processes agree on the same value, and ii. If the transmitter functions accurately, afterward each and every accurately functioning process agrees on its value. The transmitters